High-P metamorphism of rodingites during serpentinite dehydration (Cerro del Almirez, Southern Spain): Implications for the redox state in subduction zones

The transition between antigorite-serpentinite and chlorite-harzburgite at Cerro del Almirez (Betic Cordillera, Southern Spain) exceptionally marks in the field the front of antigorite breakdown at high pressure (~16–19 kbar) and temperature (~650°C) in a paleosubducted serpentinite. These ultramafic lithologies enclose three types of metarodingite boudins of variable size surrounded by metasomatic reaction rims. Type 1 Grandite-metarodingite (garnet+chlorite+diopside+titanite±magnetite±ilmenite) mainly crops out in the antigorite-serpentinite domain and has three generations of garnet. Grossular-rich Grt-1 formed during rodingitization at the seafloor (10 kbar, ~350–650°C, ~FMQ buffer) to influx events of oxidizing fluids (fO ~HM buffer) released by brucite breakdown in the host antigorite-serpentinite. Type 2 Epidote-metarodingite (epidote+diopside+titanite±garnet) derives from Type 1 and is the most abundant metarodingite type enclosed in dehydrated chlorite-harzburgite. Type 2 formed by increasing μSiO (from −884 to −860 kJ/mol) and decreasing μCaO (from −708 to −725 kJ/mol) triggered by the flux of high amounts of oxidizing fluids during the high-P antigorite breakdown in serpentinite. The growth of Grt-4, with low-grandite and high-pyralspite components, in Type 2 metarodingite accounts for progressive reequilibration of garnet with changing intensive variables. Type 3 Pyralspite-metarodingite (garnet+epidote+amphibole+chlorite±diopside+rutile) crops out in the chlorite-harzburgite domain and formed at peak metamorphic conditions (16–19 kbar, 660–684°C) from Type 2 metarodingite. This transformation caused the growth of a last generation of pyralspite-rich garnet (Grt-5) and the recrystallization of diopside into tremolitic amphibole at decreasing fO and μCaO (from −726 to −735 kJ/mol) and increasing μMgO (from −630 to −626 kJ/mol) due to chemical mixing between the metarodingite and the reaction rims. The different bulk Fe/Fe ratios of antigorite-serpentinite and chlorite-harzburgite, and of the three metarodingite types, reflect the highly heterogeneous oxidation state of the subducting slab and likely point to the transfer of localized oxidized reservoirs, such as metarodingites, into the deep mantle.“Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad” (MINECO), Grant/Award Number: CGL2012-32067, CGL201675224-R; Junta de Andalucía, Grant/ Award Number: RNM-145, P12-RNM3141; Ramón y Cajal, Grant/Award Number: RYC-2012-11314; MINECO, Grant/Award Number: CGL2016-81085-R, PCIN-2015-05

Convergent validity of two items to differentiate between active and sedentary students

Este estudio examina la validez y fiabilidad de dos ítems de actividad física (AF) incluidos en el CHIP-CE para discriminar entre escolares activos y sedentarios. Se realizó un estudio observacional-transversal, con 1.073 escolares de ambos sexos, de 10-13 años. Mediante los ítems 13 y 28 del CHIP-CE se clasificó a los escolares como activos o sedentarios. La validez convergente fue examinada utilizando como criterio variables de adiposidad, lipídicas, metabólicas, de presión arterial y de fitness. El coeficiente de correlación de Spearman entre los dos ítems fue de 0,60. Los coeficientes de correlación de Spearman entre la media de los dos items de AF y las variables de salud mostraron valores más altos con el % grasa corporal, la insulina basal, la frecuencia cardiaca de recuperación y el fitness. La escala de dos ítems extraída del CHIP-CE es un instrumento válido para clasificar a los escolares en activos o sedentarios.This study examined the validity and reliability of two physical activity Child Health and Illness Profile - Child Edition (CHIP-CE) items to differentiate between active and sedentary students. An observational cross-sectional study design was used with 1,073 students from 11 to 13 years old, from 20 schools in the province of Cuenca (Spain). Item 13 and item 28 of the CHIP-CE, a generic childhood quality of life instrument, were evaluated. Convergent validity was examined using adiposity, lipidic, metabolic, blood pressure and cardiorespiratory fitness variables as criteria. The Spearman coefficient of correlation between the two items was 0.60. The Spearman correlation coefficients between the physical activity items and the anthropometric, lipidic, metabolic, blood pressure and cardiorespiratory fitness variables showed higher values with percentage body fat, fasting insulin, recovery heart rate and cardiorespiratory fitness. Our two-item questionnaire exhibited acceptable validity and high internal consistency for classifying students as either active or sedentary.Este estudio fue financiado por la Consejería de Sanidad de Castilla-La Mancha (beca GC03060-00). Financiación adicional fue obtenida del Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Investigación en Actividades Preventivas y de Promoción de Salud (grant RD06/0018/0038)

Physical activity and bone health in schoolchildren: the mediating role of fitness and body fat

This is the final version of the article. Available from Public Library of Science via the DOI in this record.BACKGROUND: The relationship between physical activity (PA) and bone health is well known, although the role of percent body fat (%BF) and fitness as confounders or mediators in this relationship remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the association between PA and bone mineral content (BMC) is mediated by %BF and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). METHODS: In this cross sectional study, BMC, total %BF (by DXA), vigorous PA (VPA), CRF, age and height were measured in 132 schoolchildren (62 boys, aged 8-11 years). ANCOVA was used to test differences in BMC by %BF, CRF and VPA, controlling for different sets of confounders. Simple mediation analyses and serial multiple mediation analyses were fitted to examine whether the relationship between PA and BMC is mediated by %BF and fitness. RESULTS: Children with high %BF had higher total body BMC than their peers after controlling for all sets of confounders. Children with good CRF or VPA had significantly less total body BMC after controlling for age and sex but in children with good CRF this inverse relation disappeared after adjusting by %BF. %BF and CRF both act as a full mediator in the association between VPA and BMC, after inclusion of the potential confounders in the models. CONCLUSION: Fitness and %BF seem to have a mediator role on the relationship between physical activity and bone mass.This study was funded by grant numbers PII1I09-0259-9898 and POII10-0208-5325 from the Ministry of Education and Science - Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, and Ministry of Health (FIS grant number PI081297). Additional funding was provided by the Research Network on Preventative Activities and Health Promotion (RD06/0018/0038)

The evolution of the footwall to the Ronda subcontinental mantle peridotites: insights from the Nieves Unit (western Betic Cordillera)

Strongly heterogeneous deformation and extreme metamorphic gradients characterize the dominantly carbonate Nieves Unit in the footwall to the Ronda mantle extrusion wedge in the western Betic Cordillera. A well-developed foliation and mineral lineation, together with isoclinal intrafolial folds, occur in silicate-bearing, calcite or dolomite marbles within a c. 1.5 km thick metamorphic aureole underlying the peridotites. For the inferred maximum pressure of 300 MPa, petrological investigations allow us to define temperature ranges for the main zones of the metamorphic aureole: >510 °C (probably c. 700 °C) for the forsterite zone; 510–430 °C for the diopside zone; 430–360 °C for the tremolite zone; 360–330 °C for the phlogopite zone. Field structural analysis integrated with petrological, microstructural and electron backscatter diffraction textural data document large finite strains consistent with general shear within the metamorphic aureole, associated with NW-directed thrusting of the peridotites. On the other hand, post-kinematic silicate growth suggests that heat diffusion from the high-temperature peridotites continued after the final emplacement of the Ronda mantle extrusion wedge, leading to final zoning of the metamorphic aureole and to local partial annealing of calcite marble textures, particularly in the highest-temperature zone of the thermally softened footwall carbonates. Following substantial cooling, renewed crustal shortening affected the whole Nieves Unit, resulting in widespread development of NE–SW-trending meso-scale folds

Stabilization and reversal of child obesity in Andalusia using objective anthropometric measures by socioeconomic status

Background: Childhood obesity continues to be a significant public health issue worldwide. Recent national studies in Spain show a stable picture. However, prevalence and trends differ by socio-economic status, age, and region. We present the trend in childhood excess weight prevalence, aged 8–15 years, in Andalusia from 2011-2012 to 2015–2016 by socio-economic status. Results: Overall prevalence of excess weight decreased from 42.0% in 2011–2012 to 35.4% in 2015–2016. Overweight decreased from 28.2 to 24.2% and obesity from 13.8 to 11.2%. In 2011–2012 the prevalence of excess weight in boys was 46.0%and 37.9% in girls; in 2015–2016 the difference became significant with 41% of boys with excess weight compared with 30% in girls. Conclusions: Childhood excess weight prevalence in Andalusia has decreased slightly between 2011-2012 and 2015–2016. Notably, a decrease in obesity prevalence in girls aged 8–15 years was recorded. In 2011–2012 a social gradient for excess weight prevalence across three SES indicators was observed: in 2015–2016 this gradient disappeared. Nonetheless, prevalence remains too high

Patients receiving a high burden of antibiotics in the community in Spain: a cross-sectional study

Some patients in the community receive a high burden of antibiotics. We aimed at describing the characteristics of these patients, antibiotics used, and conditions for which they received antibiotics. We carried out a cross-sectional study. Setting: Thirty Health Primary Care Areas from 12 regions in Spain, covering 5, 960, 191 inhabitants. Patients having at least 30 packages of antibacterials for systemic use dispensed in 2017 were considered. Main outcome measures: Prevalence of antibiotic use, conditions for which antibiotics were prescribed, clinical characteristics of patients, comorbidities, concomitant treatments, and microbiological isolates. Patient''s average age was 70 years; 52% were men; 60% smokers/ex-smokers; 54% obese. Overall, 93% of patients had, at least, one chronic condition, and four comorbidities on average. Most common comorbidities were cardiovascular and/or hypertension (67%), respiratory diseases (62%), neurological/mental conditions (32%), diabetes (23%), and urological diseases (21%); 29% were immunosuppressed, 10% were dead at the time of data collection. Patients received three antibiotic treatments per year, mainly fluoroquinolones (28%), macrolides (21%), penicillins (19%), or cephalosporins (12%). Most frequently treated conditions were lower respiratory tract (infections or prophylaxis) (48%), urinary (27%), and skin/soft tissue infections (11%). Thirty-five percent have been guided by a microbiological diagnosis, being Pseudomonas aeruginosa (30%) and Escherichia coli (16%) the most frequent isolates. In conclusion, high antibiotic consumers in the community were basically elder, with multimorbidity and polymedication. They frequently received broad-spectrum antibiotics for long periods of time. The approach to infections in high consumers should be differentiated from healthy patients receiving antibiotics occasionally

Protection of Spanish Ibex (Capra pyrenaica) against Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 1 and 8 in a Subclinical Experimental Infection

Many wild ruminants such as Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) are susceptible to Bluetongue virus (BTV) infection, which causes disease mainly in domestic sheep and cattle. Outbreaks involving either BTV serotypes 1 (BTV-1) and 8 (BTV-8) are currently challenging Europe. Inclusion of wildlife vaccination among BTV control measures should be considered in certain species. In the present study, four out of fifteen seronegative Spanish ibexes were immunized with a single dose of inactivated vaccine against BTV-1, four against BTV-8 and seven ibexes were non vaccinated controls. Seven ibexes (four vaccinated and three controls) were inoculated with each BTV serotype. Antibody and IFN-gamma responses were evaluated until 28 days after inoculation (dpi). The vaccinated ibexes showed significant (P<0.05) neutralizing antibody levels after vaccination compared to non vaccinated ibexes. The non vaccinated ibexes remained seronegative until challenge and showed neutralizing antibodies from 7 dpi. BTV RNA was detected in the blood of non vaccinated ibexes from 2 to the end of the study (28 dpi) and in target tissue samples obtained at necropsy (8 and 28 dpi). BTV-1 was successfully isolated on cell culture from blood and target tissues of non vaccinated ibexes. Clinical signs were unapparent and no gross lesions were found at necropsy. Our results show for the first time that Spanish ibex is susceptible and asymptomatic to BTV infection and also that a single dose of vaccine prevents viraemia against BTV-1 and BTV-8 replication

Carbonate stability during serpentinite dehydration in subduction zones- -insights from open system thermodynamic modeling

Goldschmidt 2019, Barcelona (España), 18-23 agosto 201

Fluid-mediated carbon release from serpentinite-hosted carbonates during dehydration of antigorite-serpentinite in subduction zones

Subduction of serpentinite-hosted carbonate rocks formed during the oceanic stage in the oceanic lithosphere (ophicalcite) or by metasomatism at the slab mantle-wedge interface (hybrid carbonate–talc rocks) constitute important fluxes of carbon in subduction zones. If hosted in the hydrated mantle lithosphere of the slab, these carbonate-rocks may be preserved from the infiltration of fluids produced by prograde metamorphism of the overlying meta-sediments and the hydrated oceanic crust to subarc depths, where they are fluxed by fluids derived from dehydration of their host serpentinite. Because the dissolution of carbonate in aqueous fluids is enhanced at high P and T, fluid-mediated carbon release at subarc depth is critical to understand the global carbon balance and magnitude of carbon fluxes from the subducting plate into the deep mantle. This contribution presents thermodynamic modelling —using the implementation of the DEW aqueous database in Perple_X— of prograde devolatilization reactions (solid = fluid + solid) and infiltration-driven devolatilization reactions (external fluid + solid = fluid + solid) of serpentinite-hosted carbonate rocks. In line with previous studies of prograde devolatilization of carbon-bearing oceanic crust, our models show that, in warm and cold subductions zones, the carbon released into fluids produced by prograde devolatilization reactions of meta-ophicalcite and carbonate-talc rocks is limited even if electrolytic complexing in the fluid phase is taken into account. Therefore, serpentinite-hosted meta-carbonate rocks are likely to be preserved to subarc depths, where they undergo infiltration-driven devolatilization by fluids derived from Atg-serpentinite dehydration. At the P–T conditions of Atg-breakdown in cold to warm subduction zones, our models of infiltration-driven devolatilization of meta-ophicalcite and carbonate-talc rocks indicate that carbon release is accompanied by significant Ca loss, particularly at high pressures (P>3.5 GPa), due to the high concentration of CaHCO+3 in the fluid. The carbon solubility in fluids equilibrated with meta-ophicalcite and carbonate–talc rocks is markedly higher than for pure aragonite. Mass balance considerations combined with the parameterization of the P–T conditions of Atg-serpentinite dehydration as a function of the thermal parameter of subduction zones allow us to investigate the carbon loss caused by infiltration of serpentinite dehydration fluids. Unlike the dissolution of pure CaCO, carbonate dissolution in serpentinite-hosted meta-carbonate rocks is highest at the slab surface of warm subduction zones and lowest at Moho depths of cold subduction zones, where Atg-serpentinite dehydration occurs at greater depths. Carbon in subducted meta-ophicalcite —with thicknesses of up to 70 m typically found in oceanic ophicalcite— will be preserved beyond the subarc depths of cold and hot subduction zones, and recycled into the deep mantle as carbonate-garnet-clinopyroxene-olivine rocks. At the subarc depths of most subduction zone regimes, infiltration-driven devolatilization of subducted carbonate-talc rocks is a highly efficient decarbonation mechanism transforming these rocks into carbon-free orthopyroxenite.Research leading to these results is part of the Marie Curie Action, Initial Training Network “ABYSS”, funded by the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Union under REA Grant Agreement no. 608001, and is part of M.M.'s Ph.D. Thesis. C.J.G. and V.L.S.-V. acknowledge funding from the “Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness (MINECO)” grants no. CGL2016-75224-R and CGL2016-81085-R, and from the “Junta de Andalucía” research group grants RNM-131 and RNM-374. The present research and the research infrastructures at the IACT have received (co)funding from the European Social Fund (ESF) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)